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Scientific papers
Below are a number of key academic papers that explain the science behind our compounds in development. Some papers are freely available; others have to be purchased from the scientific journal in which they were published. We hope you find these references useful.

1. Karhuvaara, S., Simojoki, K., Virta, A., Rosberg, M., Loyttyniemi, E., Nurminen, T., Kallio, A., Makela, R. (2007). Targeted nalmefene with simple medical management in the treatment of heavy drinkers: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled multicenter study. Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research, 31(7), 1179-87.
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2. Soyka, M., & Rösner. (2010). Nalmefene for treatment of alcohol dependence. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 19(11), 1451-1459.
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3. Fuxe, K., Marcellino, D., Genedani, S., & Agnati, L. (2007). Adenosine A2A receptors, dopamine D2 receptors and their interactions in Parkinson’s disease. Movement Disorders, 22(14), 1990-2017.
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4. Black, K. J., Jonathan, M., Campbell, M. C., Gusnard, D, A., & Bandak, S, l. (2010). Quantification of indirect pathway inhibition by the adenosing A2a antagonistic SYN115 in Parkinson disease. The Journal of Neuroscience, 30(48), 16284-16292.
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5. Upton, N., Chuang, T. T., Hunter, A, J., & Virley, D. J. (2008). 5-HT6 receptor antagonists as novel cognitive enhancing agents for Alzheimer’s disease. Neurotherapeutics, 5(3), 458-469.
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6. Shank, J. R., Ventura, R., Puglisi-Allegra, S., Alcaro, A., Cole, C. D., Liles, L. C., Seema, P., & Weinshenker, D. (2006). Dopamine -Hydroxylase knockout mice have alterations in dopamine signaling and are hypersensitive to cocaine. Neuropsychopharacology, 31, 2221-2230.
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7. Stanley, W. C., Bonhaus, L. B., Johnson, L. G., Lee, K., Porter, S., Walker, K., Martinez, G., Eglen, R. M., Whiting, R. L., & Hegde, S. S. (1997). Catecholamine modulatory effects of nepicastat (RS-25560-197), a novel, potent and selective inhibitor of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase. British Journal of Pharmacology, 121(8), 1803-1809.
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8. Weinshenker, D., & Schroeder, J. P. (2007). There and back again: A tale of norepinephrine and drug addiction. Neuropsychopharmacology, 32, 1433-1451.
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9. Kluz, A., Mahaney-Price, A., Muhlstadt, K. (n.d.). A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the dopamine-ß-Hydroxylase (DBH) inhibitor, nepicastat, for the treatment of PTSD in OIF/OEF veterans.
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10. Growdon, J. H., Melamed, E., Logue, M., Hefti, F., Wurtman, R. J. (1982). Effects of oral l-tyrosine administration on CSF tyrosine and homovanillic acid levels in patients with parkinson’s disease. Life Sciences, 30, 827-832.
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11. Melamed, E., Hefti, F., & Wurtman, R. J. (1980). Tyrosine administration increases striatal dopamine release in rats with partial nigrostriatal lesions. (dihydroxyphenylacetic acid/homovanillic acid/striatum). Medical Sciences, 77(7), 4305-4309.
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12. McKiernan, P. J. (2006). Nitisinone in the treatment of hereditary tyrosinaemia type 1. Drugs, 66(6), 743-750.
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Updated October 12, 2011